What is gluten sensitivity?

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a condition in which the consumption of gluten causes discomfort, but without the characteristic intestinal damage of celiac disease. Although there is no structural damage, symptoms can be similar to those of other gluten reactions, and it is primarily diagnosed by exclusion.

Most common symptoms

The symptoms of NCGS are varied and include gastrointestinal discomfort such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, and gas, as well as extraintestinal symptoms, such as:

• Chronic fatigue

• Headaches

• “Brain fog” (difficulty concentrating)

• Joint or muscle pain

• Changes in mood (anxiety or depression)

These symptoms may appear shortly after consuming gluten or take longer to manifest, making precise identification difficult.

Differences between gluten sensitivity and celiac disease: genetic markers

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease in which gluten intake triggers an immune response that damages the small intestine. In contrast, NCGS does not cause intestinal damage or involve an autoimmune response, although patients may experience similar symptoms.

Regarding genetic markers, in celiac disease, 95% of patients present HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8 markers, while in NCGS about 50% of patients have these markers. This suggests that the immune mechanism triggered by gluten sensitivity is different. Studies indicate that, in the case of NCGS, the immune response seems more related to innate immunity rather than adaptive immunity, which could explain the absence of intestinal damage. It has been proposed that gluten peptides, such as gliadins, could activate the innate immune system, causing symptoms, unlike celiac disease, where the central mechanism is the activation of the adaptive immune system.

Diagnosis and personalized treatment

The diagnosis of NCGS remains a challenge. It is based on the exclusion of other conditions, such as celiac disease and wheat allergy. An elimination diet of gluten, followed by a controlled reintroduction, is the most common method to identify if gluten is the cause of the symptoms. However, this approach may be influenced by the placebo effect.

One of the keys to facilitating/excluding a diagnosis is the identification of associated genetic markers, allowing for a more effective and accurate case approach.

How N·GENE DNA tests can help you

At N·GENE, we offer DNA tests that identify genetic predispositions related to celiac disease, NCGS, and other digestive disorders. Our analysis can infer the presence of associated markers HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 based on mass genotyping techniques.

This test not only provides information on how genes can influence digestive health but also helps to personalize dietary recommendations to minimize symptoms and improve overall well-being.

Conclusion:

NCGS is a condition that can significantly affect quality of life, but with proper diagnosis and personalized treatment, it can be effectively managed. The N·GENE DNA tests provide an advanced tool to identify genetic predispositions, enabling professionals to adopt a more precise and personalized approach to health.