1. What is alcohol metabolism?

Alcohol metabolism is the process by which our body breaks down and eliminates consumed alcohol. This process, which mainly occurs in the liver, is essential for reducing the toxicity of alcohol in the body. When we drink, alcohol passes into the bloodstream and then to the liver, where it is transformed and eliminated in several key stages.

2. The two stages of alcohol metabolism

In alcohol metabolism, the liver performs two main conversions:

• Transformation into acetaldehyde: In the first stage, alcohol is converted into acetaldehyde, a toxic and potentially carcinogenic compound. This transformation is carried out by an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH).

• Conversion of acetaldehyde into acetate: In the second stage, acetaldehyde is broken down into acetate, a much less harmful substance, thanks to another enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Finally, acetate is converted into carbon dioxide and water, which the body eliminates naturally.

3. Factors that affect how we metabolize alcohol

Alcohol metabolism is not the same for everyone. There are several factors that influence the speed and effectiveness of this process:

• Genetics: Some people have variations in the genes that code for the enzymes ADH and ALDH, which impacts their ability to process alcohol. For example, some people of Asian descent have genetic variants in the gene that codes for ALDH that cause acetaldehyde to accumulate significantly, leading to flushing reactions and discomfort.

• Sex: Women tend to metabolize alcohol more slowly than men, as they have lower levels of ADH in the stomach. This means a greater amount of alcohol reaches the bloodstream without being broken down.

• Liver health: A healthy liver is essential for properly metabolizing alcohol. People with liver diseases or who drink alcohol frequently tend to metabolize alcohol more slowly, increasing toxicity in the body.

4. How does alcohol metabolism affect the body?

The alcohol metabolism process has various effects on the body:

• Immediate effects: As soon as alcohol enters the bloodstream, it begins to affect the central nervous system. This can cause feelings of relaxation or euphoria, but it also affects coordination, speech, and judgment.

• Long-term effects: Constant metabolism of alcohol can damage the liver, leading to conditions such as fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and, in advanced cases, cirrhosis. Additionally, acetaldehyde, being toxic, is associated with a higher risk of cancer, especially in the liver, mouth, and esophagus.

5. How N·GENE DNA tests can help you

At N·GENE, our DNA tests identify genetic variants that influence how a person metabolizes alcohol. This information can help healthcare professionals customize their recommendations to minimize risks associated with alcohol consumption, which is not advised in any case. Furthermore, this analysis facilitates understanding individual responses to alcohol, from predisposition to side effects to the risk of developing dependence.

Conclusion

Understanding alcohol metabolism and the factors that influence it is key to responsible consumption, if one decides to do so. DNA tests from N·GENE provide an advanced tool to understand genetic predispositions related to alcohol, allowing professionals to offer personalized recommendations that safeguard long-term health.