The way we metabolize caffeine is influenced by our genetics. That's why some people experience nervousness and difficulties sleeping with a small dose, while others can consume it at night without it affecting their sleep. To adequately advise patients, it is essential to understand how genetics influences the body's response to caffeine. Before diving deeper into this relationship, let's discuss some basic aspects of caffeine.

What is Caffeine and Where is it Found?

Caffeine is a natural compound that acts as a central nervous system stimulant, being widely consumed worldwide. It is primarily found in:

• Coffee: The most common and concentrated source.

• Tea: Particularly in black, green, and white tea, although with less caffeine than coffee.

• Energy drinks: That contain variable doses of caffeine, often in combination with other stimulants.

• Sodas: Some sodas, especially colas, contain caffeine.

• Chocolate: While in smaller amounts, cocoa products contain caffeine, especially dark chocolate.

• Supplements and medications: Some dietary supplements and medications for headaches or migraines include caffeine to enhance treatment effectiveness.

What is the Usual Caffeine Consumption?

Caffeine consumption varies widely among individuals, but according to global studies, the average consumption is between 200 and 400 mg daily, equivalent to approximately two to four cups of coffee. At moderate levels, caffeine has benefits such as improving concentration, alertness, and physical performance. However, excessive caffeine consumption (more than 400 mg per day) may be associated with adverse effects such as:

• Increased nervousness

• Insomnia

• Increased heart rate

• Gastrointestinal problems

Genetic Variants and Caffeine: How Does Genetics Influence It?

The metabolism of caffeine is determined by genetics, particularly by the CYP1A2 gene, which encodes a liver enzyme responsible for breaking down caffeine. Depending on the genetic variants present in this gene, a person may be a fast metabolizer or a slow metabolizer of caffeine:

• Fast metabolizers: Efficiently process caffeine, reducing the time it remains in the body. For these individuals, moderate caffeine consumption does not pose a significant cardiovascular risk.

• Slow metabolizers: Process caffeine more slowly, which can cause accumulation in the body. This prolongs the stimulant effects on the cardiovascular system, increasing the risk of hypertension and heart disease, especially if caffeine consumption is high.

High caffeine consumption can have negative implications for cardiovascular health, especially in patients with genetic variants that make them slow metabolizers. Studies have shown that these individuals have a higher risk of developing hypertension and suffering heart attacks when consuming more than three cups of coffee daily. The slow processing of caffeine increases the pressure on the cardiovascular system, which can exacerbate these conditions.

Considerations for Caffeine Consumption in Patients

It is important for healthcare professionals to consider the genetic variations of their patients when evaluating caffeine consumption. While some patients may tolerate caffeine well and benefit from its effects, others may be at greater risk of developing heart problems due to slow metabolism.

A nutrigenetic test is a useful tool to determine how each patient metabolizes caffeine. This will allow for personalized recommendations, both regarding the amount of caffeine that is safe and possible adjustments in diet or lifestyle to prevent cardiovascular risks.

In summary, the response to caffeine varies according to genetics, and this information can be key to guiding patients in the safe consumption of caffeine. Knowing this result is especially relevant in patients with a history of heart problems, to optimize their counseling. With N·GENE, you can learn how your patient metabolizes caffeine, among many other compounds. Try it without obligation.